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Home > IT Monitoring > The Role of OT (Operational Technology) Security
February 22, 2024
Operational Technology (OT) stands as the backbone of industries that are foundational to our daily lives and economic stability. From controlling the flow of electricity to our homes to managing the manufacturing processes that produce everyday goods, OT is integral to the modern industrial landscape.
The critical nature of the systems managed by OT means that any disruption or compromise can have far-reaching consequences, potentially endangering public safety, causing significant economic losses, and disrupting essential services.
Given the stakes, the security of Operational Technology has never been more important. Yet, as we will explore, it is under threat from an evolving landscape of cyber risks. From legacy systems vulnerable to modern attacks to sophisticated nation-state actors targeting critical infrastructure, the need for robust OT security measures is clear.
This article aims to shed light on the significance of OT, outline the main threats it faces, and discuss comprehensive strategies to protect these essential systems. By understanding the challenges and adopting a proactive approach to security, we can safeguard the systems that underpin our modern way of life.
Gartner defines[1] Operational Technology as “hardware and software that detects or causes a change, through the direct monitoring and/or control of industrial equipment, assets, processes and events”.
It includes Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS), Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and others, making it a critical component in various sectors such as manufacturing, utilities, transportation, and more.
This includes systems that control heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) in buildings, power generation, traffic lights in cities, conveyance systems in airports, and assembly lines in factories, just to name a few. The primary aim of OT is to ensure their operational efficiency, safety, and reliability.
While OT and IT (Information Technology) both play crucial roles within an organization, they have distinct objectives and requirements. IT is centered around data-centric tasks such as storing, retrieving, transmitting, and manipulating data. IT systems are designed to support business processes, enable communication, and facilitate decision-making through data analysis. IT encompasses a wide range of technologies including computers, servers, databases, and networking equipment that work together to support the digital aspects of an organization.
The security approach is also different. The primary security concerns for OT are ensuring the availability and integrity of control systems and maintaining the safety of operations. OT security focuses on protecting the physical processes and devices from disruptions, which could lead to safety hazards or operational downtime.
For IT systems, security priorities often emphasize the confidentiality and integrity of data, along with ensuring the availability of services. IT security measures are designed to protect against unauthorized access to data, prevent data breaches, and ensure that information systems are available to users when needed.
You should not confuse OT with IIoT. The latter refers to the extension and application of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept in industrial sectors. It involves connecting industrial equipment and machinery to the internet or other networks to collect, exchange, and analyze data.
The goal of IIoT is to improve efficiency, productivity, and operational insight through data-driven decision-making. In contrast, OT systems traditionally operated in more isolated environments, focusing on internal network connectivity if any. However, things are not always that clear-cut, and integration between OT and IIoT can blur this distinction somewhat.
OT is the cornerstone of systems whose proper functioning is essential not only for economic reasons but also for public health and safety. Any disruption to these systems can have immediate and potentially severe consequences.
As such, the security of Operational Technology is not just a matter of safeguarding data or preventing unauthorized access to computer systems; it is about protecting the very fabric of society. Its implications extend far beyond the confines of individual organizations, touching every aspect of modern life.
Many OT systems are integral to critical infrastructure sectors such as water treatment facilities, power generation plants, and healthcare services. A breach in OT security could lead to contamination of drinking water or failures in medical devices and hospital systems, posing significant risks to public health and safety.
OT systems are also the backbone of key industries that drive economic growth. Disruptions to these systems can lead to significant financial losses, not only for the affected organizations but also for economies at large. For instance, a cyberattack on a power grid could halt production lines, disrupt supply chains, and impact financial markets, underscoring the economic importance of robust OT security measures.
The security of OT systems is also a matter of national security. Critical infrastructure such as transportation networks and communication systems are potential targets for nation-state actors seeking to undermine or exert pressure on a country. Compromising these systems could weaken a nation’s defense capabilities, disrupt its economy, and sow chaos among its population.
Consumer confidence can also be significantly influenced by the security of OT systems. Incidents that compromise the safety or reliability of services can erode trust in brands and institutions. For businesses, this means that investing in OT security is not only about preventing operational disruptions, but also about maintaining customer trust and loyalty.
As industries strive for greater efficiency and innovation through the adoption of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and smart technologies, the security of OT systems becomes even more critical. Concerns about cyber threats can hinder the adoption of new technologies, slowing progress and innovation. By addressing these security challenges, organizations can embrace technological advances confidently, driving growth and competitiveness.
The importance of OT security cannot be overstated. It is a critical component of national resilience, economic stability, public safety, and the continued advancement of technological innovation.
OT systems face a myriad of security threats, and understanding them is the first step toward developing effective countermeasures and protective strategies. Here, we explore several key threats that are particularly pertinent to the security of OT environments.
Many OT environments rely on legacy systems that were designed and implemented before cybersecurity became a significant concern. These systems often lack basic security features such as encryption and authentication, making them vulnerable to cyberattacks. The challenge of updating these systems or integrating them with more secure technologies without disrupting operations further complicates their security.
The convergence of Information Technology (IT) and OT has brought about increased efficiency and data-driven decision-making. However, this integration has also expanded the attack surface, exposing OT systems to cyber threats traditionally targeting IT environments. The interconnectedness means that malware or a hacker penetrating the IT network can potentially gain access to critical OT systems.
OT systems often depend on a complex supply chain that includes hardware manufacturers, software developers, and service providers. A compromise at any point in the supply chain, such as the introduction of malicious components or software, can have cascading effects on the security of OT environments.
The 2020 SolarWinds incident[2], when thousands of organizations (including various departments of the executive branch of the U.S. government) worldwide downloaded a Trojan-infected version of the SolarWinds Orion network monitoring platform, leading to a series of data breaches, is a stark reminder of how supply chain vulnerabilities can be exploited to launch widespread cyberattacks.
Insider threats, whether intentional or accidental, also pose a significant risk. Employees, contractors, or other insiders with access to OT systems can inadvertently introduce malware or other security risks. In some cases, disgruntled or malicious insiders may intentionally sabotage systems or leak sensitive information, causing significant damage.
Ransomware and other forms of malware pose a growing threat to OT environments. These malicious software programs can encrypt data or disrupt system operations, demanding a ransom payment for restoration.
The 2017 WannaCry[3] ransomware attack highlights the destructive potential of such threats. Estimates by Europol point that 200,000 computers in 150 countries were affected, disrupting critical processes and operations in many sectors. In England and Scotland, the operation of the National Health Service (NHS) was affected, and some hospitals had to turn away non-critical emergencies. An automobile factory in the UK had to stop production, and telecommunications and railway companies across Europe were also hit.
Another topic of concern are Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), sophisticated, long-term cyberattacks typically launched by nation-state actors or well-funded criminal organizations. APTs aim to infiltrate networks stealthily, maintain persistent access, and gather intelligence or disrupt operations over time or gain competitive advantage. OT systems, particularly those in critical infrastructure sectors, are attractive targets for APTs due to their potential for high-impact outcomes.
While cyber threats are a significant concern, physical security breaches can also impact OT security. Unauthorized physical access to facilities housing OT systems can lead to tampering, theft, or direct sabotage. Ensuring robust physical security measures is therefore an essential component of comprehensive OT security.
Lastly, environmental and natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and fires can severely impact OT systems, disrupting operations and potentially leading to hazardous situations. While not malicious in intent, the effects of such events underscore the need for resilient and redundant OT systems capable of withstanding or quickly recovering from environmental challenges.
In the face of evolving and sophisticated threats to Operational Technology systems, implementing robust security measures is essential. These measures not only aim to prevent unauthorized access and cyberattacks but also ensure the resilience and reliability of systems.
One strategy is to implement a security architecture based on Zero Trust principles. This concept, first proposed by Forrester Research in 2010, can be summarized by the mantra “never trust, always verify”. In a zero trust architecture, there are no trusted devices, networks or users. Techniques such as network segmentation should be implemented, and strict access control should be employed on every access.
Network segmentation involves dividing the larger network into smaller, manageable segments, each with its own security controls. This strategy limits the spread of cyber threats by isolating them within segments and prevents unauthorized access between different parts of the network, especially between IT and OT networks. Isolation of critical systems ensures that even if one segment is compromised, the impact on the entire network is minimized.
Implementing strict access control and identity management policies is crucial for OT security. This includes ensuring that only authorized personnel have access to OT systems, using multi-factor authentication (MFA) for an added layer of security, and managing privileges based on the principle of least privilege (PoLP). Regularly reviewing and updating access rights can prevent unauthorized access and reduce the risk of insider threats.
With the increasing need for remote access to OT systems, especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, securing remote connections is critical. Using virtual private networks (VPNs), secure remote access software, and ensuring end-to-end encryption can protect data in transit and prevent unauthorized access. Here, don’t make the mistake to assume that devices connected to the VPN or connections coming from inside a corporate firewall are trusted. Remember Zero Trust: “never trust, always verify”.
A solid observability[4] strategy, in the form of continuous monitoring of OT networks and systems for suspicious activities or anomalies, is a cornerstone of effective OT security. Implementing security information and event management (SIEM) systems, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and anomaly detection tools, can help identify potential security incidents early, allowing for swift response and mitigation.
For this, monitoring tools will be of great help. Look for ones that can monitor multiple kinds of devices, systems and networks, offer expandability and the capacity to implement custom monitoring solutions and profiles, have flexible alerting systems and robust reporting features.
As you will surely be dealing with large amounts of data, AI features that can analyze and correlate events to help you detect issues before they become critical, and forecast trends, are quickly becoming essential. Don’t forget to consider the cost: many tools charge by the volume of data ingested, which means that if you don’t have your capture strategy dialed-in, you may end up paying extra for data that will not contribute to your results.
Human error remains one of the most significant vulnerabilities in cybersecurity. Providing regular training and raising awareness among employees about cybersecurity best practices, potential threats, and the importance of security in OT environments can greatly reduce the risk of accidental breaches or insider threats.
Physical security of OT environments is as important as cybersecurity. Measures such as secure locks, surveillance cameras, access control systems, and intrusion detection sensors can help prevent unauthorized physical access to critical systems and infrastructure.
Having a well-defined incident response and recovery plan is essential for minimizing the impact of security breaches. This plan should include procedures for quickly identifying and isolating affected systems, eradicating threats, restoring operations, and communicating with stakeholders. Regularly testing and updating the response plan ensures preparedness for potential security incidents.
As any other system, it’s essential to regularly update and patch your OT systems to protect against known vulnerabilities. This process should be carefully managed to minimize disruption to operations, with patches being tested in a non-production environment before deployment.
Collaborating with industry peers, government agencies, and cybersecurity organizations can provide valuable insights into emerging threats and best practices. Sharing information about threats and vulnerabilities can help the wider community better protect against common and emerging security challenges.
Implementing these security measures requires a holistic approach that encompasses technology, processes, and people. By adopting a multi-layered security strategy, organizations can significantly enhance the protection of their OT environments against a wide range of threats, ensuring the continuity and safety of operations critical to our society and economy.
While the primary focus on OT security often revolves around mitigating risks and preventing cyber threats, it is equally important to recognize the myriad benefits that a well-structured OT security strategy offers, as it contributed significantly to operational efficiency, reliability, and innovation.
By preventing unauthorized access and cyberattacks, organizations can ensure that their operations run smoothly without unexpected disruptions. This not only protects the public and employees but also maintains the integrity of critical processes.
Security incidents in OT environments can lead to substantial financial losses, including the costs of downtime, repairs, legal liabilities, and reputational damage. A robust OT security posture minimizes the risk of such incidents, thereby contributing to the economic stability of the organization and the broader economy. By safeguarding against disruptions, companies can maintain steady production, ensure supply chain continuity, and protect their market position.
Many industries with OT systems are subject to stringent regulatory requirements aimed at ensuring the safety, security, and reliability of operations. Implementing comprehensive OT security measures helps organizations comply with these regulations, avoid penalties, and meet industry standards. Compliance not only demonstrates a commitment to security but also fosters trust among customers, partners, and regulatory bodies.
By ensuring that OT systems are protected against cyber threats, companies can confidently deploy new technologies that enhance efficiency, improve data analytics, and drive competitive advantage. Secure environments also foster a culture of innovation, where employees and partners are encouraged to develop and implement new solutions without fear of compromising operational integrity.
Demonstrating a commitment to OT security can significantly enhance customer trust and loyalty. Organizations that proactively protect their operations from cyber threats are seen as responsible and trustworthy, which can be a decisive factor for customers when choosing products or services. A strong security posture also protects against incidents that could damage an organization’s reputation and customer relationships.
Effective OT security is a cornerstone of strategic risk management, enabling organizations to identify, assess, and mitigate potential threats to their operations. By incorporating security into the broader risk management framework, companies can ensure business continuity, even in the face of cyberattacks or other disruptions. This proactive approach to security and risk management supports long-term planning and resilience, ensuring that the organization can withstand and recover from adverse events.
The protection of Operational Technology is a critical concern that transcends industries, impacting everything from public safety and national security to economic stability and the pace of technological innovation.
As OT systems become increasingly interconnected with Information Technology networks and the broader internet, the potential for cyber threats to disrupt essential services and infrastructure has never been higher. However, with this risk comes the opportunity for organizations to strengthen their defenses, innovate securely, and ensure the resilience of critical operations against an evolving threat landscape.
Understanding the unique challenges and threats facing OT environments is the first step toward securing them. From legacy system vulnerabilities and insider threats to sophisticated cyberattacks targeting the convergence of IT and OT, the range of potential security issues is broad and complex.
Yet, by implementing comprehensive security measures—such as network segmentation, rigorous access control, continuous monitoring, and incident response planning—organizations can build robust defenses that not only protect OT systems but also support their safe and efficient operation.
Moreover, the importance of fostering a culture of security awareness cannot be overstated. Educating employees about the risks and best practices for cybersecurity, alongside regular training and drills, is essential for minimizing human error and enhancing the overall security posture of OT environments. Collaboration with industry peers, government entities, and cybersecurity experts further enriches an organization’s understanding of emerging threats and innovative protective strategies.
In conclusion, securing OT systems is an ongoing and dynamic process that requires vigilance, adaptation, and a proactive approach. As technology continues to advance and the boundaries between digital and physical worlds blur, the role of OT security in safeguarding our modern way of life will only grow in importance. By embracing the challenges and committing to continuous improvement in cybersecurity practices, we can protect the critical infrastructure that underpins our society, ensuring a secure, resilient, and prosperous future for all.
[1] https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/operational-technology-ot
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_federal_government_data_breach
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack
[4] https://blog.paessler.com/the-future-of-monitoring-the-rise-of-observability
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